Relude.List.Reexport

The group function takes a list and returns a list of lists such that the concatenation of the result is equal to the argument. Moreover, each sublist in the result is non-empty, all elements are equal to the first one, and consecutive equal elements of the input end up in the same element of the output list.

group is a special case of groupBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test.

It's often preferable to use Data.List.NonEmpty.group, which provides type-level guarantees of non-emptiness of inner lists. A common idiom to squash repeating elements map head . group is better served by map Data.List.NonEmpty.head . Data.List.NonEmpty.group because it avoids partial functions.

Examples

>>> group "Mississippi"["M","i","ss","i","ss","i","pp","i"]

>>> group [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5][[1,1,1],[2,2],[3],[4],[5,5]]

drop n xs returns the suffix of xs after the first n elements, or [] if n >= length xs.

It is an instance of the more general genericDrop, in which n may be of any integral type.

Examples

>>> drop 6 "Hello World!""World!"

>>> drop 3 [1,2,3,4,5][4,5]

>>> drop 3 [1,2][]

>>> drop 3 [][]

>>> drop (-1) [1,2][1,2]

>>> drop 0 [1,2][1,2]

(++) appends two lists, i.e.,

[x1, ..., xm] ++ [y1, ..., yn] == [x1, ..., xm, y1, ..., yn]
[x1, ..., xm] ++ [y1, ...] == [x1, ..., xm, y1, ...]

If the first list is not finite, the result is the first list.

Performance considerations

This function takes linear time in the number of elements of the first list. Thus it is better to associate repeated applications of (++) to the right (which is the default behaviour): xs ++ (ys ++ zs) or simply xs ++ ys ++ zs, but not (xs ++ ys) ++ zs. For the same reason GHC.Internal.Data.List.concat = GHC.Internal.Data.List.foldr (++) [] has linear performance, while GHC.Internal.Data.List.foldl (++) [] is prone to quadratic slowdown

Examples

>>> [1, 2, 3] ++ [4, 5, 6][1,2,3,4,5,6]

>>> [] ++ [1, 2, 3][1,2,3]

>>> [3, 2, 1] ++ [][3,2,1]

break, applied to a predicate p and a list xs, returns a tuple where first element is longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs of elements that do not satisfy p and second element is the remainder of the list:

break p is equivalent to span (not . p) and consequently to (takeWhile (not . p) xs, dropWhile (not . p) xs), even if p is _|_.

Laziness

>>> break undefined []([],[])

>>> fst (break (const True) undefined)*** Exception: Prelude.undefined

>>> fst (break (const True) (undefined : undefined))[]

>>> take 1 (fst (break (const False) (1 : undefined)))[1]

break produces the first component of the tuple lazily:

>>> take 10 (fst (break (const False) [1..]))[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

Examples

>>> break (> 3) [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4]([1,2,3],[4,1,2,3,4])

>>> break (< 9) [1,2,3]([],[1,2,3])

>>> break (> 9) [1,2,3]([1,2,3],[])

dropWhile p xs returns the suffix remaining after takeWhile p xs.

Examples

>>> dropWhile (< 3) [1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3][3,4,5,1,2,3]

>>> dropWhile (< 9) [1,2,3][]

>>> dropWhile (< 0) [1,2,3][1,2,3]

\mathcal{O}(n). filter, applied to a predicate and a list, returns the list of those elements that satisfy the predicate; i.e.,

filter p xs = [ x | x <- xs, p x]

Examples

>>> filter odd [1, 2, 3][1,3]

>>> filter (\l -> length l > 3) ["Hello", ", ", "World", "!"]["Hello","World"]

>>> filter (/= 3) [1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1][1,2,4,2,1]

The genericDrop function is an overloaded version of drop, which accepts any Integral value as the number of elements to drop.

\mathcal{O}(n). The genericLength function is an overloaded version of length. In particular, instead of returning an Int, it returns any type which is an instance of Num. It is, however, less efficient than length.

Examples

>>> genericLength [1, 2, 3] :: Int3>>> genericLength [1, 2, 3] :: Float3.0

Users should take care to pick a return type that is wide enough to contain the full length of the list. If the width is insufficient, the overflow behaviour will depend on the (+) implementation in the selected Num instance. The following example overflows because the actual list length of 200 lies outside of the Int8 range of -128..127.

>>> genericLength [1..200] :: Int8-56

The genericReplicate function is an overloaded version of replicate, which accepts any Integral value as the number of repetitions to make.

The genericSplitAt function is an overloaded version of splitAt, which accepts any Integral value as the position at which to split.

The genericTake function is an overloaded version of take, which accepts any Integral value as the number of elements to take.

The inits function returns all initial segments of the argument, shortest first.

inits is semantically equivalent to map reverse . scanl (flip (:)) [], but under the hood uses a queue to amortize costs of reverse.

Laziness

Note that inits has the following strictness property: inits (xs ++ _|_) = inits xs ++ _|_

In particular, inits _|_ = [] : _|_

Examples

>>> inits "abc"["","a","ab","abc"]

>>> inits [][[]]

inits is productive on infinite lists:

>>> take 5 $ inits [1..][[],[1],[1,2],[1,2,3],[1,2,3,4]]

intercalate xs xss is equivalent to (concat (intersperse xs xss)). It inserts the list xs in between the lists in xss and concatenates the result.

Laziness

intercalate has the following properties:

>>> take 5 (intercalate undefined ("Lorem" : undefined))"Lorem"

>>> take 6 (intercalate ", " ("Lorem" : undefined))"Lorem*** Exception: Prelude.undefined

Examples

>>> intercalate ", " ["Lorem", "ipsum", "dolor"]"Lorem, ipsum, dolor"

>>> intercalate [0, 1] [[2, 3], [4, 5, 6], []][2,3,0,1,4,5,6,0,1]

>>> intercalate [1, 2, 3] [[], []][1,2,3]

\mathcal{O}(n). The intersperse function takes an element and a list and `intersperses' that element between the elements of the list.

Laziness

intersperse has the following properties

>>> take 1 (intersperse undefined ('a' : undefined))"a"

>>> take 2 (intersperse ',' ('a' : undefined))"a*** Exception: Prelude.undefined

Examples

>>> intersperse ',' "abcde""a,b,c,d,e"

>>> intersperse 1 [3, 4, 5][3,1,4,1,5]

\mathcal{O}(\min(m,n)). The isPrefixOf function takes two lists and returns True iff the first list is a prefix of the second.

Examples

>>> "Hello" `isPrefixOf` "Hello World!"True

>>> "Hello" `isPrefixOf` "Wello Horld!"False

For the result to be True, the first list must be finite; False, however, results from any mismatch:

>>> [0..] `isPrefixOf` [1..]False

>>> [0..] `isPrefixOf` [0..99]False

>>> [0..99] `isPrefixOf` [0..]True

>>> [0..] `isPrefixOf` [0..]* Hangs forever *

isPrefixOf shortcuts when the first argument is empty:

>>> isPrefixOf [] undefinedTrue

iterate f x returns an infinite list of repeated applications of f to x:

iterate f x == [x, f x, f (f x), ...]

Laziness

Note that iterate is lazy, potentially leading to thunk build-up if the consumer doesn't force each iterate. See iterate' for a strict variant of this function.

>>> take 1 $ iterate undefined 42[42]

Examples

>>> take 10 $ iterate not True[True,False,True,False,True,False,True,False,True,False]

>>> take 10 $ iterate (+3) 42[42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69]

iterate id == repeat:

>>> take 10 $ iterate id 1[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]

\mathcal{O}(n). map f xs is the list obtained by applying f to each element of xs, i.e.,

map f [x1, x2, ..., xn] == [f x1, f x2, ..., f xn]
map f [x1, x2, ...] == [f x1, f x2, ...]

this means that map id == id

Examples

>>> map (+1) [1, 2, 3][2,3,4]

>>> map id [1, 2, 3][1,2,3]

>>> map (\n -> 3 * n + 1) [1, 2, 3][4,7,10]

The permutations function returns the list of all permutations of the argument.

Note that the order of permutations is not lexicographic. It satisfies the following property:

map (take n) (take (product [1..n]) (permutations ([1..n] ++ undefined))) == permutations [1..n]

Laziness

The permutations function is maximally lazy: for each n, the value of permutations xs starts with those permutations that permute take n xs and keep drop n xs.

Examples

>>> permutations "abc"["abc","bac","cba","bca","cab","acb"]

>>> permutations [1, 2][[1,2],[2,1]]

>>> permutations [][[]]

This function is productive on infinite inputs:

>>> take 6 $ map (take 3) $ permutations ['a'..]["abc","bac","cba","bca","cab","acb"]

repeat x is an infinite list, with x the value of every element.

Examples

>>> take 10 $ repeat 17[17,17,17,17,17,17,17,17,17, 17]

>>> repeat undefined[*** Exception: Prelude.undefined

replicate n x is a list of length n with x the value of every element. It is an instance of the more general genericReplicate, in which n may be of any integral type.

Examples

>>> replicate 0 True[]

>>> replicate (-1) True[]

>>> replicate 4 True[True,True,True,True]

\mathcal{O}(n). reverse xs returns the elements of xs in reverse order. xs must be finite.

Laziness

reverse is lazy in its elements.

>>> head (reverse [undefined, 1])1

>>> reverse (1 : 2 : undefined)*** Exception: Prelude.undefined

Examples

>>> reverse [][]

>>> reverse [42][42]

>>> reverse [2,5,7][7,5,2]

>>> reverse [1..]* Hangs forever *

\mathcal{O}(n). scanl is similar to foldl, but returns a list of successive reduced values from the left:

scanl f z [x1, x2, ...] == [z, z `f` x1, (z `f` x1) `f` x2, ...]

Note that

last (scanl f z xs) == foldl f z xs

Examples

>>> scanl (+) 0 [1..4][0,1,3,6,10]

>>> scanl (+) 42 [][42]

>>> scanl (-) 100 [1..4][100,99,97,94,90]

>>> scanl (\reversedString nextChar -> nextChar : reversedString) "foo" ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']["foo","afoo","bafoo","cbafoo","dcbafoo"]

>>> take 10 (scanl (+) 0 [1..])[0,1,3,6,10,15,21,28,36,45]

>>> take 1 (scanl undefined 'a' undefined)"a"

\mathcal{O}(n). A strict version of scanl.

\mathcal{O}(n). scanl1 is a variant of scanl that has no starting value argument:

scanl1 f [x1, x2, ...] == [x1, x1 `f` x2, ...]

Examples

>>> scanl1 (+) [1..4][1,3,6,10]

>>> scanl1 (+) [][]

>>> scanl1 (-) [1..4][1,-1,-4,-8]

>>> scanl1 (&&) [True, False, True, True][True,False,False,False]

>>> scanl1 (||) [False, False, True, True][False,False,True,True]

>>> take 10 (scanl1 (+) [1..])[1,3,6,10,15,21,28,36,45,55]

>>> take 1 (scanl1 undefined ('a' : undefined))"a"

\mathcal{O}(n). scanr is the right-to-left dual of scanl. Note that the order of parameters on the accumulating function are reversed compared to scanl. Also note that

head (scanr f z xs) == foldr f z xs.

Examples

>>> scanr (+) 0 [1..4][10,9,7,4,0]

>>> scanr (+) 42 [][42]

>>> scanr (-) 100 [1..4][98,-97,99,-96,100]

>>> scanr (\nextChar reversedString -> nextChar : reversedString) "foo" ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']["abcdfoo","bcdfoo","cdfoo","dfoo","foo"]

>>> force $ scanr (+) 0 [1..]*** Exception: stack overflow

\mathcal{O}(n). scanr1 is a variant of scanr that has no starting value argument.

Examples

>>> scanr1 (+) [1..4][10,9,7,4]

>>> scanr1 (+) [][]

>>> scanr1 (-) [1..4][-2,3,-1,4]

>>> scanr1 (&&) [True, False, True, True][False,False,True,True]

>>> scanr1 (||) [True, True, False, False][True,True,False,False]

>>> force $ scanr1 (+) [1..]*** Exception: stack overflow

The sort function implements a stable sorting algorithm. It is a special case of sortBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own comparison function.

Elements are arranged from lowest to highest, keeping duplicates in the order they appeared in the input.

The argument must be finite.

Examples

>>> sort [1,6,4,3,2,5][1,2,3,4,5,6]

>>> sort "haskell""aehklls"

>>> import Data.Semigroup(Arg(..))>>> sort [Arg ":)" 0, Arg ":D" 0, Arg ":)" 1, Arg ":3" 0, Arg ":D" 1][Arg ":)" 0,Arg ":)" 1,Arg ":3" 0,Arg ":D" 0,Arg ":D" 1]

The sortBy function is the non-overloaded version of sort. The argument must be finite.

The supplied comparison relation is supposed to be reflexive and antisymmetric, otherwise, e. g., for _ _ -> GT, the ordered list simply does not exist. The relation is also expected to be transitive: if it is not then sortBy might fail to find an ordered permutation, even if it exists.

Examples

>>> sortBy (\(a,_) (b,_) -> compare a b) [(2, "world"), (4, "!"), (1, "Hello")][(1,"Hello"),(2,"world"),(4,"!")]

Sort a list by comparing the results of a key function applied to each element. sortOn f is equivalent to sortBy (comparing f), but has the performance advantage of only evaluating f once for each element in the input list. This is called the decorate-sort-undecorate paradigm, or Schwartzian transform.

Elements are arranged from lowest to highest, keeping duplicates in the order they appeared in the input.

The argument must be finite.

Examples

>>> sortOn fst [(2, "world"), (4, "!"), (1, "Hello")][(1,"Hello"),(2,"world"),(4,"!")]

>>> sortOn length ["jim", "creed", "pam", "michael", "dwight", "kevin"]["jim","pam","creed","kevin","dwight","michael"]

Performance notes

This function minimises the projections performed, by materialising the projections in an intermediate list.

For trivial projections, you should prefer using sortBy with comparing, for example:

>>> sortBy (comparing fst) [(3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3)][(1,3),(2,2),(3,1)]

Or, for the exact same API as sortOn, you can use `sortBy . comparing`:

>>> (sortBy . comparing) fst [(3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3)][(1,3),(2,2),(3,1)]

span, applied to a predicate p and a list xs, returns a tuple where first element is the longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs of elements that satisfy p and second element is the remainder of the list:

span p xs is equivalent to (takeWhile p xs, dropWhile p xs), even if p is _|_.

Laziness

>>> span undefined []([],[])>>> fst (span (const False) undefined)*** Exception: Prelude.undefined>>> fst (span (const False) (undefined : undefined))[]>>> take 1 (fst (span (const True) (1 : undefined)))[1]

span produces the first component of the tuple lazily:

>>> take 10 (fst (span (const True) [1..]))[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

Examples

>>> span (< 3) [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4]([1,2],[3,4,1,2,3,4])

>>> span (< 9) [1,2,3]([1,2,3],[])

>>> span (< 0) [1,2,3]([],[1,2,3])

splitAt n xs returns a tuple where first element is xs prefix of length n and second element is the remainder of the list:

splitAt is an instance of the more general genericSplitAt, in which n may be of any integral type.

Laziness

It is equivalent to (take n xs, drop n xs) unless n is _|_: splitAt _|_ xs = _|_, not (_|_, _|_)).

The first component of the tuple is produced lazily:

>>> fst (splitAt 0 undefined)[]

>>> take 1 (fst (splitAt 10 (1 : undefined)))[1]

Examples

>>> splitAt 6 "Hello World!"("Hello ","World!")

>>> splitAt 3 [1,2,3,4,5]([1,2,3],[4,5])

>>> splitAt 1 [1,2,3]([1],[2,3])

>>> splitAt 3 [1,2,3]([1,2,3],[])

>>> splitAt 4 [1,2,3]([1,2,3],[])

>>> splitAt 0 [1,2,3]([],[1,2,3])

>>> splitAt (-1) [1,2,3]([],[1,2,3])

The subsequences function returns the list of all subsequences of the argument.

Laziness

subsequences does not look ahead unless it must:

>>> take 1 (subsequences undefined)[[]]>>> take 2 (subsequences ('a' : undefined))["","a"]

Examples

>>> subsequences "abc"["","a","b","ab","c","ac","bc","abc"]

This function is productive on infinite inputs:

>>> take 8 $ subsequences ['a'..]["","a","b","ab","c","ac","bc","abc"]

\mathcal{O}(n). The tails function returns all final segments of the argument, longest first.

Laziness

Note that tails has the following strictness property: tails _|_ = _|_ : _|_

>>> tails undefined[*** Exception: Prelude.undefined

>>> drop 1 (tails [undefined, 1, 2])[[1, 2], [2], []]

Examples

>>> tails "abc"["abc","bc","c",""]

>>> tails [1, 2, 3][[1,2,3],[2,3],[3],[]]

>>> tails [][[]]

take n, applied to a list xs, returns the prefix of xs of length n, or xs itself if n >= length xs.

It is an instance of the more general genericTake, in which n may be of any integral type.

Laziness

>>> take 0 undefined[]>>> take 2 (1 : 2 : undefined)[1,2]

Examples

>>> take 5 "Hello World!""Hello"

>>> take 3 [1,2,3,4,5][1,2,3]

>>> take 3 [1,2][1,2]

>>> take 3 [][]

>>> take (-1) [1,2][]

>>> take 0 [1,2][]

takeWhile, applied to a predicate p and a list xs, returns the longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs of elements that satisfy p.

Laziness

>>> takeWhile (const False) undefined*** Exception: Prelude.undefined

>>> takeWhile (const False) (undefined : undefined)[]

>>> take 1 (takeWhile (const True) (1 : undefined))[1]

Examples

>>> takeWhile (< 3) [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4][1,2]

>>> takeWhile (< 9) [1,2,3][1,2,3]

>>> takeWhile (< 0) [1,2,3][]

The transpose function transposes the rows and columns of its argument.

Laziness

transpose is lazy in its elements

>>> take 1 (transpose ['a' : undefined, 'b' : undefined])["ab"]

Examples

>>> transpose [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]][[1,4],[2,5],[3,6]]

If some of the rows are shorter than the following rows, their elements are skipped:

>>> transpose [[10,11],[20],[],[30,31,32]][[10,20,30],[11,31],[32]]

For this reason the outer list must be finite; otherwise transpose hangs:

>>> transpose (repeat [])* Hangs forever *

\mathcal{O}(1). Decompose a list into its head and tail.

• If the list is empty, returns Nothing.

• If the list is non-empty, returns Just (x, xs), where x is the head of the list and xs its tail.

Examples

>>> uncons []Nothing

>>> uncons [1]Just (1,[])

>>> uncons [1, 2, 3]Just (1,[2,3])

The unfoldr function is a `dual' to foldr: while foldr reduces a list to a summary value, unfoldr builds a list from a seed value. The function takes the element and returns Nothing if it is done producing the list or returns Just (a,b), in which case, a is a prepended to the list and b is used as the next element in a recursive call. For example,

iterate f == unfoldr (\x -> Just (x, f x))

In some cases, unfoldr can undo a foldr operation:

unfoldr f' (foldr f z xs) == xs

if the following holds:

f' (f x y) = Just (x,y)
f' z       = Nothing

Laziness

>>> take 1 (unfoldr (\x -> Just (x, undefined)) 'a')"a"

Examples

>>> unfoldr (\b -> if b == 0 then Nothing else Just (b, b-1)) 10[10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1]

>>> take 10 $ unfoldr (\(x, y) -> Just (x, (y, x + y))) (0, 1)[0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,54]

unzip transforms a list of pairs into a list of first components and a list of second components.

Examples

>>> unzip []([],[])

>>> unzip [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')]([1,2],"ab")

The unzip3 function takes a list of triples and returns three lists of the respective components, analogous to unzip.

Examples

>>> unzip3 []([],[],[])

>>> unzip3 [(1, 'a', True), (2, 'b', False)]([1,2],"ab",[True,False])

\mathcal{O}(\min(m,n)). zip takes two lists and returns a list of corresponding pairs.

zip is right-lazy:

>>> zip [] undefined[]>>> zip undefined []*** Exception: Prelude.undefined...

zip is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its first list argument and its resulting list.

Examples

>>> zip [1, 2, 3] ['a', 'b', 'c'][(1,'a'),(2,'b'),(3,'c')]

If one input list is shorter than the other, excess elements of the longer list are discarded, even if one of the lists is infinite:

>>> zip [1] ['a', 'b'][(1,'a')]

>>> zip [1, 2] ['a'][(1,'a')]

>>> zip [] [1..][]

>>> zip [1..] [][]

zip3 takes three lists and returns a list of triples, analogous to zip. It is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its first list argument and its resulting list.

\mathcal{O}(\min(m,n)). zipWith generalises zip by zipping with the function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function.

zipWith (,) xs ys == zip xs ys
zipWith f [x1,x2,x3..] [y1,y2,y3..] == [f x1 y1, f x2 y2, f x3 y3..]

zipWith is right-lazy:

>>> let f = undefined>>> zipWith f [] undefined[]

zipWith is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its first list argument and its resulting list.

Examples

zipWith (+) can be applied to two lists to produce the list of corresponding sums:

>>> zipWith (+) [1, 2, 3] [4, 5, 6][5,7,9]

>>> zipWith (++) ["hello ", "foo"] ["world!", "bar"]["hello world!","foobar"]

Creates an infinite list from a finite list by appending the list to itself infinite times (i.e. by cycling the list). Unlike cycle from Data.List, this implementation doesn't throw error on empty lists, but returns an empty list instead.

>>> cycle [][]>>> take 10 $ cycle [1,2,3][1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1]

The sortWith function sorts a list of elements using the user supplied function to project something out of each element

In general if the user supplied function is expensive to compute then you should probably be using sortOn, as it only needs to compute it once for each element. sortWith, on the other hand must compute the mapping function for every comparison that it performs.